Paul Marvin Rudolph (October 23, 1918 in Elkton, Kentucky – August 8, 1997 in New York, New York) was an American architect and the dean of the Yale School of Architecture for six years, known for his cubist building designs and highly complex floor plans. His most famous work is the Yale Art and Architecture Building (A&A Building), a spatially complex Brutalist concrete structure.
Rudolph earned his bachelor’s degree in architecture at Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Institute) in 1940 and then moved on to the Harvard Graduate School of Design to study with Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius. After three years, he left to serve in the Navy for another three years, returning to Harvard to receive his masters in 1947.
He moved to Sarasota, Florida and partnered with Ralph Twitchell for four years until he started his own practice in 1951. Rudolph's Sarasota time is now part of the period labeled Sarasota Modern in his career.
Notable for its appearance in the 1958 book, Masters of Modern Architecture, the W. R. Healy House, built in 1950, was a one-story Sarasota house built on posts. The roof was concave, in order to allow rainwater to drain off. In addition, Rudolph used jalousie windows, which enabled the characteristic breezes to and from Sarasota Bay to flow into the house. Adaptation to the subtropical climate was central to his designs and Rudolph is considered one of the major architects in what is labeled the Sarasota School of Architecture.
Other Sarasota landmarks by Rudolph include the Sarasota County Riverview High School, built in 1957 as his first large scale project. There was a great deal of controversy in Sarasota, where many members of the community appealed for the retention of the historic building after the decision reached in 2006 by the county school board to demolish the structure. As Charles Gwathmey, the architect overseeing renovation of Art and Architecture Building at Yale, says:
“Riverview High School is a fantastic prototype of what today we call green architecture. He was so far ahead of his time, experimenting with sun screens and cross-ventilation. If it's torn down, I feel badly for architecture.”
In June 2009, it was demolished. Paul Rudolph's Florida houses attracted attention in the architectural community and he started receiving commissions for larger works such as the Jewett Art Center at Wellesley College. He took over the helm of the Yale School of Architecture as its dean in 1958, shortly after designing the Yale Art and Architecture Building. That building often is considered his masterpiece. He stayed on at Yale for six years until he returned to private practice. He designed the Temple Street Parking Garage, also in New Haven, in 1962.
He later designed the Government Service Center in Boston, First Church in Boston, the main campus of University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (originally known as Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute, and later as the Southeastern Massachusetts University), the Dana Arts Center at Colgate University, and the Burroughs Wellcome headquarters in North Carolina.
While the Brutalist style fell out of favor in the U.S. during the 1970s, Rudolph's work evolved, and became in demand in other countries. Rudolph designed reflective glass office towers in this period, such as the City Center Towers in Fort Worth, which departed from his concrete works. Rudolph continued working on projects in Singapore, where he designed The Concourse office tower with its ribbon windows and interweaving floors, as well as projects in other Asian countries through the last years of his life. His work, the Lippo Centre, completed in 1987, is a landmark in the area near Admiralty Station of MTR in Hong Kong, and a culmination of Rudolph's ideas in reflective glass. In Indonesia Rudolph pieces of art can be found in Jakarta, Wisma Dharmala Sakti, and in Surabaya, Wisma Dharmala Sakti 2.
Rudolph died in 1997 at the age of seventy-eight in New York from mesothelioma, a cancer that almost always originates from exposure to asbestos.
Notable Work
· Mr. Sewell C. Biggs Residence 1953
· S.A.E. Fraternity House for the University of Miami, FL 1953
· New Embassy for the United States Dept. of State, Amman, Jordan 1954
· Mr. and Mrs. Albert Bostwick Residence Palm Beach, FL 1954
· Mr. and Mrs. Ingram Hook Guest Residence Siesta Key, FL 1954
· Mrs. Wilson Residence Sarasota, FL 1954
· Mr. and Mrs. J.V. Taylor Residence Venice, FL 1954
· Mr. and Mrs. Philip Hiss Residence Lido Shore, FL 1954
· Family of Man Exhibit New York, NY 1954
· Jewett Arts center for Wellesley College Wellesley, MA 1955
· Sarasota-Brandenport Airport Sarasota, FL 1955
· Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Burgess Residence Burgess Island FL 1955
· Experimental School for the Plywood Association 1955
· Four Model Houses for the Women's Home Companion 1956
· Model House Representing the Southeast Grand Rapids, MI 1956
· Mr. and Mrs. Frank Applebee Residence Auburn, AL 1956
· Office Building for the Bramlett Equipment Company Office Miami, FL 1956
· Mr. and Mrs. Davidson Residence Brandenton, FL 1956
· Inter-American Center Exhibition Miami, FL 1956
· Mr. and Mrs. Barnet Yanofsky Residence Newton, MA 1956
· Public Beach Development Siesta Key, FL 1956
· Riverview Junior/Senior High School Sarasota, FL 1957
· Mr. and Mrs. Martin Harkavy Residence Lido Shores, FL 1957
· Blue Cross-Blue Shield Building Office Boston, MA 1957
· St. Boniface Episcopal Church Sarasota, FL 1957
· Greeley Memorial Laboratory for Yale Forestry School New Haven, CT 1957
· Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Burkhardt Residence Casey Key, FL 1957
· Public Beach Sarasota, FL 1957
· Sarasota High School Sarasota, FL 1958
· Art and Architecture Building for Yale University New Haven, CT 1958
· Church Street Redevelopment Project New Haven, CT 1958
· Mr. and Mrs. George McCandlish Residence Cambridge, MA 1958
· Master Plan for Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee, AL 1958
· Parking Garage for 1,500 Automobiles New Haven, CT 1959
· May Memorial Unitarian Church Public 1959
· Lake Region Yacht and Country Club Winter Haven, FL 1959
· Mr. and Mrs. Ambler Liggett Residence Tampa, FL 1959
· Married Student Housing for Yale University Yale University New Haven, CT 1960
· Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Friedberg Residence Baltimore, MD 1960
· Interdenominational Chapel for Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee, AL 1960
· Administration Building for Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee, AL 1960
· O'Brien's Motor Inn Waverly, NY 1960
· Vacation House for Women's Day Magazine 1960
· Pharmaceutical Laboratory/Office/Manufacturing Building for ENDO Laboratories Long Island, NY 1960
· Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Milam Residence Jacksonville, FL 1960
· Mr. and Mrs. R. H. Daisley Residence Inlet Cay, FL 1960
· Theme Center for New York World's Fair "Galaxon" Flushing, NY 1960
· Cultural Center for Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee, AL 1960
· Ford Foundation Theatre , 1960
· Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity House University of FloridaGainesville, FL 1960
· Kappa Sigma Fraternity House, Auburn University Auburn, TX 1961
· The Ideal Theatre for Ford Foundation Program in Humanities and the Arts Culture 1961
· Mr. and Mrs. Fred Deering Residence Residence Casey Key, FL 1961
· Mr. and Mrs. N. Leslie Silvas Residence Residence Greenwich, CT 1961
· Mr. and Mrs. John W. Wallace Residence Residential Athens, AL 1961
· Addition to Juvenile Detention Home Government Bridgeport, CT 1961
· Holgate Restaurant Commercial Washington D.C. 1961
· IBM Corporation Office/Industrial East Fishkill, NY 1962
· Master Plan and Library for the Guilford Free Library Association, Greenwich, CT 1962
· The Hotchkiss School Academic The Hotchkiss School Lakeville, CT 1962
· Christian Science Organization Building Religious University of Illinois Urbana, IL 1962
· New County Office and Court House Building Government Goshen, NY 1963
· New Campus for Southeastern Massachusetts North Dartmouth, MA 1963
· Beneficent House, Weybosset Hill Housing Housing Providence, RI 1963
· City Hall for Syracuse Government Syracuse, NY 1964
· Paul Rudolph Architectural Office Office New York, NY 1964
· John W. Chorley Elementary School Academic Middletown, NY 1964 Callahan Residence Residence Birmingham, AL 1965
· New Art Building for the Manoa Campus Academic University of Hawaii
· Honolulu, HI 1965
· Mr. Stanley Kinney Residence Residence Hamilton, NY 1965
· Master Plan, Auditorium, Dormitories, Laboratories, Instruction and Recreation
· Facilities for East Pakistan Agricultural University Masterplan/Academic East Pakistan Agricultural University
· Mymensingh, East Pakistan 1966
· Master Plan, Town Houses, Apartments, Hotel, Boatel and Commercial Buildings
· for Resort Community, Stafford Harbor Masterplan/Housing Stafford Harbor, VA 1966
· Sid Bass Physical Sciences Building for Texas Christian University Academic Fort Worth, TX 1966
· Monteith College Center for Wayne State University Academic Detroit, MI 1966
· Mr. Alexander Hirsch Residence Residence New York, NY 1966
· Master Plan and Three Office Buildings for Brookhollow Corporation Commercial Dallas, TX 1966
· John Jay Park for the Department of Parks Recreation New York, NY 1966
· Master Plan, Northwest #1 Urban Renewal Area Masterplan/Housing Washington D.C. 1966
· Apartment House, Community Center and Shopping Center, Northwest #1
· Urban Renewal Area Masterplan/Housing Washington D.C. 1966
· Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Caspi Residence Residence New York, NY 1966
· Addition to Beth El Synagogue Religious New London, CT 1966
· Graphic Arts Center Housing New York, NY 1967
· Married Student Housing for the University of Virginia Academic University of Virginia
· Charlottesville, VA 1967
· Ford Foundation grant to study the Lower Manhattan Expressway in
· "New Forms of the Evolving City" Masterplan/Housing New York, NY 1967
· Dr. and Mrs. Frank Parcells Residence Residence Grosse Pointe, MI 1967
· Mr. Robert Brown Residence Residence New York, NY 1967
· Dr. Nathan Shore Dental Offices Office New York, NY 1967
· Three Parks and playgrounds for the Department of Parks Recreation New York, NY 1967
· Mrs. Henry J. Kaiser Residence Residence New York, NY 1967
· Endo Laboratories Office Garden City, NY 1967
· Apartment Building for the New York City Housing Authority Housing New York, NY 1967
· Apartment Building for the New York City Housing Authority Housing New York, NY 1967
· Fox Hill Development for the DeMatteis Development Company Housing Staten Island, NY 1967
· Tracey Towers Housing Bronx, NY 1967
· Oriental Gardens Housing New Haven, CT 1968
· Student Union for the Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute Academic North Dartmouth, MA 1968
· Stadium for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Recreation Dammam, Saudi Arabia 1968
· Housing for Magnolia Homes Housing Vicksburg, MS 1968
· Government Center including new City Hall, library, plaza, police station, bank,
· Federal office building and garage Government New Haven, CT 1968
· Fort Lincoln Housing for the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency Housing Washington, D.C. 1968
· Mr. Herbert Green Residence Residence Cherry Ridge, PA 1968
· Study of the uses of extruded cement asbestos for United States Plywood New York, NY 1968
· Church and related facilities for First Church Religious Boston, MA 1968
· Mr. and Mrs. Harry Raich Residence Residence Quogue, NY 1969
· Mr. and Mrs. Arne Lewis Residence Residence Boston, MA 1969
· Burroughs Wellcome Company (USA) Corporate Headquarters Office Research Triangle Park, NC 1969
· Central Library for the City of Niagara Falls Culture Niagara Falls, NY 1969
· Waterfront Development Project for the New York State
· Urban Development Corporation Masterplan/Housing Buffalo, NY 1969
· Mr. and Mrs. Richard Pistell Residence Residence Lyford Cay
· Nassau, Bahamas 1969
· Natural Science Building for the State University College at Purchase Academic Purchase, NY 1969
· Mr. and Mrs. Gardner Cowles Residence Residence New York, NY 1969
· Mr. and Mrs. Maurice Deane Residence Residence Great Neck, NY 1969
· 1970-1979
· 725 Units of Public Housing for the New York State Urban Development Corporation Housing New York, NY 1970
· Ten Apartment Towers for the DeMatteis Development Company Housing Kew Gardens, NY 1970
· Site Selection for a Civic Center for the Rockford Metropolitan Exhibition,
· Auditorium and Office Building Authority Culture Rockford, IL 1970
· Central Suffolk Office Park Office Hauppauge, NY 1970
· Mr. and Mrs. Sid R. Bass Residence Residence Fort Worth, TX 1970
· Dr. and Mrs. John M. Shuey Residence Residence Bloomfield Hills, MI 1970
· Mr. and Mrs. Maurits Edersheim Residence Residence New York, NY 1970
· Civic Center for the Rockford Metropolitan Exhibition, Auditorium and
· Office Building Authority Culture Rockford, IL 1970
· Urban Complex for the K. & S. Fakhri Brothers Office Beirut, Lebanon 1971
· Mr. and Mrs. Bert Dweck Residence Residence Deal, NJ 1971
· Daiei House & Company Office Building Office Tokyo, Japan 1971
· Mr. and Mrs. William Davidson Residence Residence Bloomfield Hills, MI 1971
· Dr. and Mrs. Louis Micheels Residence Residence Westport, CT 1972
· Mr. and Mrs. John Pilsbury Residence Residence Cannes, France 1972
· Entrecanales y Tavora Office Building Office Madrid, Spain 1972
· Community Facilities Complex for the New York State Urban Development Corporation Housing Buffalo, NY 1972
· Mr. and Mrs. John B. Rogers Residence Residence Houston, TX 1972
· Mr. Maurits Edersheim Office for Drexel, Burnham & Company Office New York, NY 1972
· Staten Island Community College Building Academic Staten Island, NY 1972
· Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Staller Residence Residence Lloyd Harbor, NY 1973
· East Northport Jewish Center Synagogue Addition and Masterplan Culture East Northport, NY 1973
· Housing for 200 Students for Davidson College Housing Davidson College
· Davidson, NC 1973
· 3,500 Dwelling Units for the Carol Housing Corporation Housing Miami, FL 1973
· Pitts Theological Library Renovation for the Candler School of Theology at Emory University Culture Emory University
· Atlanta, GA 1974
· Apartment Hotel for the Pan-Lon Engineering & Construction Company Housing Jerusalem, Israel 1974
· Mr. Neil C. Morgan Residence Residence Aspen, CO 1974
· Morgan Annex Housing Study for the New York State Urban Development Corporation Housing New York, NY 1974
· Recreation Complex for the New York State Urban Development Corporation Recreation/Leisure Buffalo, NY 1974
· Mr. Gary Strutin Residence Residence New Rochelle, NY 1975
· Miss. Nancy Houston Residence Residence Westerly, RI 1975
· Cannon Chapel at the Candler School of Theology at Emory University Culture Emory University
· Atlanta, GA 1975
· Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bernhard Residence Addition Residence Greenwich, CT 1976
· Burroughs Wellcome Company Headquarters Addition Office Research Triangle Park, NC 1976
· Mr. and Mrs. Robert Fein Residence Addition Residence Sands Point, NY 1977
· Dr. Benjamin Vallo Residence Residence New York, NY 1978
· Mr. and Mrs. Richard Young Residence Residence Livingston Manor, NY 1978
· Tuskegee Institute Master Plan and College Entrance Masterplanning Tuskegee Institute
· Tuskegee, AL 1978
· Harrington Cancer Care Center Office Amarillo, TX 1978
· Mr. and Mrs. Rafael Carrillo Residence Residence New York, NY 1978
· Residential & Commercial Complex for the Donald Zucker Company Housing New York, NY 1978
· Dance Studio and Apartments in the Northeast Housing not sited 1978
· Toxicology/Experimental Pathology Building for the Burroughs Wellcome Company Office Research Triangle Park, NC 1978
· Mr. and Mrs. Dani Siegel Residence Remodeling Residence Westhampton Beach, NY 1978
· Mr. and Mrs. Donald Zucker Residence Remodeling Residence New York, NY 1978
· Marina Center Urban Development Sites for Hong Fok Investment Holdings Private Ltd. Housing Singapore 1979
· Two Office Buildings and Parking for Bass Brothers Enterprises Office Fort Worth, TX 1979
· Palmer Road Complex for Hong Fok Investment Holdings Private Ltd. Housing Singapore 1979
· 74 Unit Apartment Building for Hong Fok Investment Holdings Private Ltd. Housing Singapore 1979
· 1980-1989
· The Colonnade Condominiums for the Pontiac Land Private Ltd. Housing Singapore 1980
· Ten Bungalows for the Hong Fok Investment Holding Company, Ltd. Housing Hong Kong 1980
· Mr. and Mrs. Henry Kwee Residence Residence Singapore 1980
· Corporate Headquarters for the Electronic Data Systems Corporation Office Dallas, TX 1980
· Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Downs Residence Residence Connecticut 1980
· Offices for Mr. Stanley Marsh III Office Amarillo, TX 1980
· Television Station for Mr. Stanley Marsh III Culture Amarillo, TX 1980
· Coffee Memorial Blood Bank Office Amarillo, TX 1981
· Oxley Rise Condominium Housing for the Hong Fok Investment Pte., Ltd. Housing Singapore 1981
· Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Sherman Residence Alteration and Addition Residence Wilton, CT 1981
· Office and Shopping Complex for the Hong Fok Investment Pte., Ltd. Office Singapore 1981
· Cambridge Research and Development Group - Office Alteration Office Westport, CT 1981
· Wisma Dharmala Sakti Office Headquarters Office Jakarta, Indonesia 1982
· Burroughs Wellcome Company - South Building Expansion Office Research Triangle Park, NC 1982
· Master Plan for the Burroughs Wellcome Company Masterplan Research Triangle Park, NC 1982
· Mr. and Mrs. Mark Edersheim Residence Alterations Residence Mamaroneck, NY 1982
· Residence for Beverly Park Estates Residence Beverly Hills, CA 1982
· General Daniel "Chappie" James Center for Aerospace Science and
· Health Education Academic Tuskegee Institute
· Tuskegee, AL 1982
· Mr. Michael Floersheim and Dr. Strauss Residence Residence New York, NY 1983
· Mr. John B. Rogers Residence Addition Residence Palm Beach, FL 1983
· Research Laboratory for Bristol-Myers Office Connecticut 1983
· Dr. and Mrs. Hillel Tobias Residence Remodeling Residence Remsenburg, NY 1983
· Mr. and Mrs. Eisner Residence Remodeling Residence Westport, CT 1984
· Science Building for the Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute Academic North Dartmouth, MA 1984
· Mr. and Mrs. Michael Glazer Residence Residence Los Angeles, CA 1984
· Mr. and Mrs. George Pavarini Residence Residence Greenwich, CT 1984
· Mr. and Mrs. Wylie Tuttle Residence Residence Rock Hall, MD 1984
· The Bond Centre Office and Commercial Building Office Hong Kong 1984
· Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Licht Residence Addition and Alteration Residence Hewlett Harbor, NY 1985
· Macy's Department Store Commercial Danbury, CT 1985
· Macy's Department Store Commercial Birmingham, AL 1985
· Fisher Island Hotel and Condominiums Housing Miami, FL 1985
· Mr. Cheng Wai Keung Residence Residence Singapore 1986
· Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Murphy Residence Residence Greenwich, CT 1986
· Blue Cross-Blue Shield Building Addition Office Boston, MA 1986
· Mr. Bert Dweck Residence Residence Deal, NJ 1986
· Mr. and Mrs. Donald Engel Residence Renovation and Addition Residence Harrison, NY 1986
· Mr. Richard Treistman Residence Renovation and Addition Residence Englewood, NJ 1986
· Institution Hill Housing Development for the Pontiac Land Private Ltd. Housing Singapore 1987
· Modulightor Inc. Commercial Office, Showroom and Manufacturing Facility Commercial New York, NY 1988
· Exhibition for the Steelcase Design Partnership Exhibition New York, NY 1988
· Apartment Building with Plaza for 32nd Street Southeast Company Housing New York, NY 1989
· U.S. Courthouse and Federal Municipal Office Building Office New York, NY 1989
· Mr. and Mrs. Mark Edersheim Residence Addition Residence Mamaroneck, NY 1989
· Mr. Mark Edersheim Office at Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc. Office New York, NY 1989
· Renovation of Commercial Office and Apartment Building Office/Housing New York, NY 1989
· Office Building for the Sino Land Company, Ltd. Commercial Hong Kong 1989
· 1990-1999
· Cikini Office Building for The Dharmala Group Office Jakarta, Indonesia 1990
· Gatot Subroto Office Building for The Dharmala Group Office Jakarta, Indonesia 1990
· Surabaya Hotel and Office Building for The Dharmala Group Office Surabaya, Indonesia 1990
· A New Town for 250,000 People - Pantai Timur Surabaya Town for
· The Dharmala Group Masterplan Surabaya, Indonesia 1990
· "International Building" Office and Commercial Building for the Hong Fok Corporation Office Singapore 1990
· "Medical Building" Office Building for the Pontiac Land Private Ltd. Office Singapore 1990
· Harrington Cancer Care Center for the Panhandle Area Cancer Council Office Amarillo, TX 1990
· The Future Condominiums Housing New York, NY 1990
· Mr. Wee Ee Chao Residence Residence Singapore 1990
· "Waduk Melati" Urban Development Project Masterplan Jakarta, Indonesia 1990
· Mr. and Mrs. Mark Edersheim Residence - Front Addition Residence Mamaroneck, NY 1991
· Addition to Office Building in Dallas, Texas for Mr. Sjukur Pudjiadi of Jakarta, Indonesia Office Dallas, TX 1991
· Design Project for Petrafina, Inc. Office New York, NY 1991
· Chapel for Maris Stella University Religious Maris Stella University
· Singapore 1993
· Dr. and Mrs. David Eu Residence Residence Singapore 1994
· Mr. Jonathan Formanek Residence Residence Memphis, TN 1994
· Mrs. Donald Engel Pavilion Residence Harrison, NY 1994
· Mr. Ernst Wagner Residence Residence Switzerland 1994
· Addition to The Concourse Office Tower Office Singapore 1994
· Luxury Apartment Complex for Mr. Wee Ee Chao Housing Hong Kong 1994
· Surabaya Office Building for The Dharmala Group Office Surabaya, Indonesia 1994
· Office for Mr. Mark Edersheim , Smith Barney Office New York, NY 1994
· Mr. Edmund Chang Residence Residence Singapore 1995
· Proposed Tower Complex for Gedung University Academic Gedung University
· Atmajaya, Jakarta 1995
· Office for Special Counsel Office New York, NY 1995
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